Summary
provides services to other users intranet, which provides local services and Internet services for local users and generally
access its services wherever they may be located. Each organization manages an Distributed systems are everywhere. The Internet enables users throughout the world to in the Internet. Small distributed systems can be constructed from mobile computers and other small computational devices that are attached to a wireless network. Resource sharing is the main motivating factor for constructing distributed systems. Resources such as printers, files, web pages or database records are managed by servers of the appropriate type. For example, web servers manage web pages and
other web resources. Resources are accessed by clients – for example, the clients of web servers are generally called browsers.
The construction of distributed systems produces many challenges:
Heterogeneity: They must be constructed from a variety of different networks, operating systems, computer hardware and programming languages. The Internet communication protocols mask the difference in networks, and middleware can deal with the other differences.
Openness: Distributed systems should be extensible – the first step is to publish the interfaces of the components, but the integration of components written by different programmers is a real challenge.
Security: Encryption can be used to provide adequate protection of shared resources and to keep sensitive information secret when it is transmitted in messages over a network. Denial of service attacks are still a problem.
Scalability: A distributed system is scalable if the cost of adding a user is a constant amount in terms of the resources that must be added. The algorithms used to access shared data should avoid performance bottlenecks and data should be structured hierarchically to get the best access times. Frequently accessed data can be replicated.
Failure handling: Any process, computer or network may fail independently of the others. Therefore each component needs to be aware of the possible ways in which the components it depends on may fail and be designed to deal with each of those failures appropriately.
Concurrency: The presence of multiple users in a distributed system is a source of concurrent requests to its resources. Each resource must be designed to be safe in a concurrent environment.
Transparency: The aim is to make certain aspects of distribution invisible to the application programmer so that they need only be concerned with the design of their particular application. For example, they need not be concerned with its location or the details of how its operations are accessed by other components, or whether it will
be replicated or migrated. Even failures of networks and processes can be presented to application programmers in the form of exceptions – but they must be handled.
Quality of service. It is not sufficient to provide access to services in distributed systems. In particular, it is also important to provide guarantees regarding the qualities associated with such service access. Examples of such qualities include parameters related to performance, security and reliability.
Frequently Asked Questions
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